Rajya Sabha
Rajya Sabha | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Type | |
| Type | of the Parliament of India |
Term limits | 6 years |
| Leadership | |
Pramod Chandra Mody since 12 November 2021 | |
| Structure | |
| Seats | 245 (233 Elected + 12 Nominated) |
 | |
Political groups | Government (120)
Main Opposition (87)
Other opposition (25) Vacant (9)
|
| Elections | |
| 233 members by single transferable vote by state legislatures, 12 members appointed by the President | |
First election | 1952 |
Last election | 2024 |
Next election | 2025 |
| Meeting place | |
 | |
| Rajya Sabha Chamber, Sansad Bhavan, 118, Rafi Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, India - 110001 | |
| Website | |
| sansad | |
| Constitution | |
| Constitution of India | |
| Rules | |
| The Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) (English) | |
28°37′0″N 77°12′30″E / 28.61667°N 77.20833°E The Rajya Sabha (lit: "States' Assembly"), also known as the Council of States, is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of India. As of 2023[update], it has a maximum membership of 245, of which 233 are elected by the legislatures of the states and union territories using single transferable votes through open ballots, while the president can appoint 12 members for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social service.[1] The total allowed capacity is 250 (238 elected, 12 appointed) according to article 80 of the Indian Constitution.[2] The current potential seating capacity of the Rajya Sabha is 245 (233 elected, 12 appointed), after the Jammu and Kashmir (Reorganisation) Act. The maximum seats of 250 members can be filled up at the discretion and requirements of the house of Rajya Sabha.
Members sit for staggered terms lasting six years, with about a third of the 233 designates up for election every two years, in even-numbered years.[3] Unlike the Lok Sabha, the Rajya Sabha is a continuing chamber and hence not subject to dissolution. However, the Rajya Sabha, like the Lok Sabha, can be prorogued by the president.
The Rajya Sabha has equal footing in legislation with the Lok Sabha, except in the area of supply, where the latter has overriding powers. In the case of conflicting legislation, a joint sitting of the two houses can be held, where the Lok Sabha would hold a greater influence because of its larger membership. The vice president of India (currently, Jagdeep Dhankhar) is the ex-officio chairman of the Rajya Sabha, who presides over its sessions. The deputy chairman, who is elected from amongst the house's members, takes care of the day-to-day matters of the house in the absence of the chairman. The Rajya Sabha held its first sitting on 13 May 1952.[4]
The Rajya Sabha meets in the eponymous chamber in Parliament House in New Delhi. Since 18 July 2018, the Rajya Sabha has the facility for simultaneous interpretation in all the 22 scheduled languages of India.[5] The Rajya Sabha proceedings are televised live on channel Sansad TV, headquartered within the premises of Parliament.[6]
Background
Parliament of India consists of the President and the two Houses—the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and the House of the People (Lok Sabha). While the two Houses continue to be recognised as the Council of States and the House of the People in the Constitution, they are in actual practice known respectively as the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha. On 23 August 1954, the Chairman of the Council of States, Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, made an announcement in the Council about the adoption of the Hindi name of the Council of States as ‘Rajya Sabha’. Earlier, on 14 May 1954, the Speaker of Lok Sabha, Shri G.V. Mavalankar, made an announcement in the House that the House of the People would thereafter be known as ‘Lok Sabha’.
The origin of the second Chamber can be traced to the Montague-Chelmsford Report of 1918. The Government of India Act, 1919 provided for the creation of a ‘Council of State’ as a second chamber of the then legislature with a restricted franchise, which actually came into existence in 1921. The Governor-General was the ex-officio President of the then Council of State. The Government of India Act, 1935 hardly made any changes in its composition.
The Constituent Assembly, which first met on 9 December 1946, also acted as the Central Legislature till 1950, when it was converted into the ‘Provisional Parliament’. During this period, the Central Legislature, known as the Constituent Assembly (Legislative) and later Provisional Parliament, was unicameral until the first election was held in 1952. Extensive debates took place in the Constituent Assembly regarding the utility or otherwise of a Second Chamber in Independent India. Ultimately, it was decided to have a bicameral legislature for independent India, mainly because a federal system was considered to be the most feasible form of government for such a vast country with immense diversities.
A single directly elected House was considered inadequate to meet the challenges that free India would face. Therefore, a second chamber known as the ‘Council of States’ was created with an altogether different composition and method of election from that of the directly elected ‘House of the People’. It was conceived as the other Chamber, with smaller membership than the House of the People. It was meant to be the federal chamber, i.e., a House elected by the elected members of the Assemblies of the States, in which States were not given equal representation.
Unlike several other countries, which provide equal representation to all the States in the Upper House, in the Rajya Sabha the States have unequal representation as they are represented in proportion to their population. Apart from the elected members, provision was also made for the nomination of twelve members to the House by the President. The minimum age of thirty years was fixed for membership, as against twenty-five years for the Lower House. The element of dignity and prestige was added to the Council of States by making the Vice-President of India the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, who presides over its sittings.
Qualifications
Article 84 of the Constitution lays down the qualifications for membership of Parliament. A member of the Rajya Sabha must:[7][8]
- Be a citizen of India.
- Make and subscribe before some person authorized in that behalf by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule to the Constitution.
- Be at least 30 years old.
- Be elected by the Legislative Assembly of States and Union territories by means of single transferable vote through proportional representation.[9]
- Not be a proclaimed criminal.
- Not be a subject of insolvency, i.e. they should not be in debt that they are not capable of repaying in a current manner and should have the ability to meet their financial expenses.
- Not hold any other office of profit under the Government of India.
- Not be of unsound mind.
- Possess such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any law made by Parliament.
In addition, twelve members are nominated by the president of India having special knowledge in various areas like arts and science. However, they are not entitled to vote in presidential elections as per Article 55 of the Constitution.
Disqualifications
Article 102 of the Constitution lays down that a person shall be disqualified for being chosen as, and for being, a member of either House of Parliament –
- if he holds any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State, other than an office declared by Parliament by law not to disqualify its holder;
- if he is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court;
- if he is an undischarged insolvent;
- if he is not a citizen of India, or has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a foreign State, or is under any acknowledgement of allegiance or adherence to a foreign State;
- if he is so disqualified by or under any law made by Parliament.
Explanation - [For the purposes of this clause] a person shall not be deemed to hold an office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State by reason only that he is a Minister either for the Union or for such State.
Besides, the Tenth Schedule to Constitution provides for disqualification of the members on ground of defection. As per the provisions of the Tenth Schedule, a member may be disqualified as a member, if he has voluntarily given up the membership of such political party; or if he votes or abstains from voting in the House contrary to any direction issued by the political party to which he belongs, unless such voting or abstention has not been condoned by the political party within fifteen days.
A member elected as an independent candidate shall be disqualified if he joins any political party after his election.
A member nominated to the House by the President, however, is allowed to join a political party if he/she does so within the first six months of taking seat in the House.
A member shall not be disqualified on this account, if he voluntarily gives up the membership of his political party after he is elected Deputy Chairman, Rajya Sabha.
Limitations
The Constitution of India places some restrictions on the Rajya Sabha, and the Lok Sabha (the lower house, House of the People) is more powerful in certain areas.
Money bills
A Money Bill can be introduced only in Lok Sabha. After it is passed by that House, it is transmitted to Rajya Sabha for its concurrence or recommendation. The power of Rajya Sabha in respect of such a Bill is limited. Rajya Sabha has to return such a Bill to Lok Sabha within a period of fourteen days from its receipt. If it is not returned to Lok Sabha within the said period of fourteen days, the Bill is deemed to have been passed by both Houses at the expiration of the said period in the form in which it was passed by Lok Sabha. Rajya Sabha cannot amend a Money Bill; it can only recommend amendments and Lok Sabha may either accept or reject all or any of the recommendations made by Rajya Sabha.
Apart from Money Bills, certain categories of Financial Bills also cannot be introduced in Rajya Sabha. There are, however, some types of Financial Bills on which there is no limitation on the powers of the Rajya Sabha. These Bills may be initiated in either House and Rajya Sabha has powers to reject or amend such Financial Bills like any other ordinary Bill. Of course, such Bills cannot be passed by either House of Parliament unless the President has recommended to that House the consideration thereof.
Despite the limited role, Rajya Sabha does have a bearing on matters relating to finance. The Budget of the Government of India is laid every year before Rajya Sabha also and its members discuss it. Though Rajya Sabha does not vote on Demands for Grants of the Ministries/Departments - a matter exclusively reserved for Lok Sabha - no money, however, can be withdrawn from the Consolidated Fund of India unless the Appropriation Bill has been passed by both the Houses.
Similarly, the Finance Bill is also brought before Rajya Sabha. Besides, the Department-related Parliamentary Standing Committees that examine the annual Demands for Grants of the Ministries/Departments are joint committees consisting of members from Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, having ten of its members each in these Committees. [10][11]
Joint Sitting of the Parliament
Article 108 provides for a joint sitting of the two houses of Parliament in certain cases. A joint sitting can be convened by the president of India when one house has either rejected a bill passed by the other house, has not taken any action on a bill transmitted to it by the other house for six months, or has disagreed with the amendments proposed by the Lok Sabha on a bill passed by it. Considering that the numerical strength of the Lok Sabha is more than twice that of the Rajya Sabha, the Lok Sabha tends to have a greater influence in a joint sitting of Parliament. A joint session is chaired by the speaker of the Lok Sabha. Also, because the joint session is convened by the president on the advice of the government, which already has a majority in the Lok Sabha, the joint session is usually convened to get bills passed through a Rajya Sabha in which the government has a minority.[12]
Joint sessions of Parliament are a rarity, and have been convened three times in the last 71 years, for passage of a specific legislative act, the latest time being in 2002:
- 1961: Dowry Prohibition Act, 1958
- 1978: Banking Services Commission (Repeal) Act, 1977
- 2002: Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002
No-confidence motion
Unlike the Lok Sabha, members of the Rajya Sabha cannot bring to the house a no-confidence motion against the government.[13]
Powers
 |
In the Indian quasi-federal structure, the Rajya Sabha is representative of the States and Union territories in the union legislature (hence the name, Council of States). For this reason, the Rajya Sabha has powers that protect the rights of States against the Union government.
Union-State relations
The Constitution empowers the Parliament of India to make laws on the matters reserved for States. However, this can only be done if the Rajya Sabha first passes a resolution by a two-third majority granting such a power to the Union Parliament. The Union government cannot make a law on a matter reserved for States without any authorisation from the Rajya Sabha.
The Union government reserves the power to make laws directly affecting the citizens across all the States whereas, a single state in itself reserves the power to make rules and governing laws of their region. The Rajya Sabha plays a vital role in protecting the States' culture and interests.
Creation of All-India services
The Rajya Sabha, by a two-thirds supermajority, can pass a resolution empowering the Indian government to create more all-India services common to both the union and the states.
Biennial/Bye-election
Rajya Sabha is a permanent House and is not subject to dissolution. However, one-third Members of Rajya Sabha retire after every second year. A member who is elected for a full term serves for a period of six years and on the expiration of this term retires from the membership of Rajya Sabha.
The election held to fill a vacancy arising otherwise than by retirement of a member is called a ‘Bye-election’. A member elected in a bye-election remains a member only for the remainder of the term of the member whose resignation, death, or disqualification under the Tenth Schedule led to the vacancy.
Membership by party
Members of the Rajya Sabha by their political party (as of 17 September 2024[update]):
| Alliance | Party | MPs | Floor leader | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NDA Seats: 121 |
BJP | 96 | Jagat Prakash Nadda | ||
| JD(U) | 4 | Sanjay Kumar Jha | |||
| NCP | 3 | Praful Patel | |||
| JD(S) | 1 | H. D. Deve Gowda | |||
| SHS | 1 | Milind Deora | |||
| RLD | 1 | Jayant Chaudhary | |||
| RLM | 1 | Upendra Kushwaha | |||
| PMK | 1 | Anbumani R. | |||
| AGP | 1 | B.P Baishya | |||
| TMC(M) | 1 | G. K. Vasan | |||
| NPP | 1 | W. Kharlukhi | |||
| RPI(A) | 1 | Ramdas Athawale | |||
| UPPL | 1 | Rwngwra Narzary | |||
| IND | 1 | ||||
| NOM | 6 | None | |||
| I.N.D.I.A Seats: 87 |
INC | 27 | M. Kharge | ||
| AITC | 12 | Derek O'Brien | |||
| AAP | 10 | Sanjay Singh | |||
| DMK | 10 | Tiruchi Siva | |||
| RJD | 5 | P.C. Gupta | |||
| CPI(M) | 4 | Elamaram Kareem | |||
| SP | 4 | Ram Gopal Yadav | |||
| JMM | 3 | Shibu Soren | |||
| Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar | 2 | Sharad Pawar | |||
| SS(UBT) | 2 | Sanjay Raut | |||
| CPI | 2 | Binoy Viswam | |||
| IUML | 2 | P.V. Abdul Wahab | |||
| MDMK | 1 | Vaiko | |||
| AGM | 1 | Ajit Kumar Bhuyan | |||
| KC(M) | 1 | Jose K. Mani | |||
| IND | 1 | Kapil Sibal | |||
| Unalligned Seats: 24 |
YSRCP | 8 | V.Vijayasai Reddy | ||
| BJD | 7 | Sasmit Patra | |||
| BRS | 4 | K. R. Suresh Reddy | |||
| AIADMK | 3 | M.Thambidurai | |||
| BSP | 1 | Ramji Gautam | |||
| MNF | 1 | K. Vanlalvena | |||
| Vacant | 13 |
| |||
| Total | 245 | — | |||
Composition
Seats are allotted in proportion to the population of each state or union territory. Certain states may even have more representatives than states more populous than them, because in past they too had high population. For example, Tamil Nadu has 18 representatives for 72 million inhabitants (in 2011) whereas Bihar (104 million) and West Bengal (91 million) only have 16. As the members are elected by the state legislature, some small union territories, those without legislatures, cannot have representation. Hence, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, Ladakh and Lakshadweep do not send any representatives. Twelve members are nominated by the president.[14][15]
As per the Fourth Schedule to the Constitution of India on 26 January 1950, the Rajya Sabha was to consist of 216 members, of which 12 members were to be nominated by the president and the remaining 204 elected to represent the states.[15] The present sanctioned strength of the Rajya Sabha in the Constitution of India is 250, which can be increased by constitutional amendment. However, the present strength is 245 members according to the Representation of People Act, 1951, which can be increased up to 250 by amending the act itself, of whom 233 are representatives of the states and union territories and 12 are nominated by the president.[15] The 12 nominated members of the Rajya Sabha are persons who are eminent in particular fields and are well-known contributors in the particular field.
Number of members by state/union territory
| State/ UT | Seats for that State | Largest Party | NDA | I.N.D.I.A. | Others | Vac | Election Cycle | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andhra Pradesh[16] | 11 | YSRCP | 8 | YSRCP | 11 | 26 (4)
28 (4) | ||||||||||
| Arunachal Pradesh | 1 | BJP | 1 | BJP | 1 | 26 (1) | ||||||||||
| Assam | 7 | BJP | 4 | BJP | 4 | AGM | 1 | 25 (2)
26 (3) 28 (2) | ||||||||
| AGP | 1 | |||||||||||||||
| UPPL | 1 | |||||||||||||||
| Bihar | 16 | RJD | 6 | BJP | 4 | INC | 1 | 24 (4)
26 (4) 28 (4) | ||||||||
| JD(U) | 5 | |||||||||||||||
| Chhattisgarh | 5 | INC | 4 | BJP | 1 | INC | 4 | 24 (1)
26 (2) 28 (2) | ||||||||
| Delhi | 3 | AAP | 3 | AAP | 3 | 30 (3) | ||||||||||
| Goa | 1 | BJP | 1 | BJP | 1 | 29 (1) | ||||||||||
| Gujarat | 11 | BJP | 8 | BJP | 8 | INC | 3 | 24 (4)
26 (4) 29 (3) | ||||||||
| Haryana | 5 | BJP | 3 | IND | 1 | INC | 1 | 24 (1)
26 (2) 28 (2) | ||||||||
| Himachal Pradesh | 3 | BJP | 3 | BJP | 3 | 24 (1)
26 (1) 28 (1) | ||||||||||
| Jammu and Kashmir | 4 | 4 | ||||||||||||||
| Jharkhand | 6 | BJP | 3 | BJP | 3 | JMM | 2 | 24 (2)
26 (2) 28 (2) | ||||||||
| Karnataka | 12 | BJP | 6 | BJP | 6 | INC | 5 | 24 (4)
26 (4) 28 (4) | ||||||||
| JD(S) | 1 | |||||||||||||||
| Kerala | 9 | CPIM | 3 | INC | 1 | 24 (3)
27 (3) 28 (3) | ||||||||||
| CPI(M) | 3 | |||||||||||||||
| IUML | 2 | |||||||||||||||
| CPI | 2 | |||||||||||||||
| KC(M) | 1 | |||||||||||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 11 | BJP | 8 | BJP | 8 | INC | 3 | 24 (5)
26 (3) 28 (3) | ||||||||
| Maharashtra | 19 | BJP | 8 | BJP | 8 | INC | 3 | 24 (6)
26 (7) 28 (6) | ||||||||
| RPI(A) | 1 | NCP-SP | 3 | |||||||||||||
| NCP | 1 | SS(UBT) | 3 | |||||||||||||
| Manipur | 1 | BJP | 1 | BJP | 1 | 26 (1) | ||||||||||
| Meghalaya | 1 | NPEP | 1 | NPP | 1 | 26 (1) | ||||||||||
| Mizoram | 1 | MNF | 1 | MNF | 1 | 26 (1) | ||||||||||
| Nagaland | 1 | BJP | 1 | BJP | 1 | 28 (1) | ||||||||||
| Odisha | 10 | BJD | 8 | BJP | 1 | BJD | 9 | 24 (3)
26 (4) 28 (3) | ||||||||
| Puducherry | 1 | BJP | 1 | BJP | 1 | 27 (1) | ||||||||||
| Punjab | 7 | AAP | 7 | AAP | 7 | 28 (7) | ||||||||||
| Rajasthan | 10 | INC | 6 | BJP | 4 | INC | 6 | 24 (3)
26 (3) 28 (4) | ||||||||
| Sikkim | 1 | BJP | 1 | BJP | 1 | 30 (1) | ||||||||||
| Tamil Nadu | 18 | DMK | 10 | IND | 1 | DMK | 10 | AIADMK | 3 | 25 (6)
26 (6) 28 (6) | ||||||
| PMK | 1 | MDMK | 1 | TMC(M) | 1 | |||||||||||
| INC | 1 | |||||||||||||||
| Telangana | 7 | BRS | 7 | BRS | 7 | 24 (3)
26 (2) 28 (2) | ||||||||||
| Tripura | 1 | BJP | 1 | BJP | 1 | 28 (1) | ||||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 31 | BJP | 25 | BJP | 25 | SP | 3 | BSP | 1 | 24 (10)
26 (10) 28 (11) | ||||||
| RLD | 1 | |||||||||||||||
| IND | 1 | |||||||||||||||
| Uttarakhand | 3 | BJP | 3 | BJP | 3 | 24 (1)
26 (1) 28 (1) | ||||||||||
| West Bengal | 16 | TMC | 13 | BJP | 2 | INC | 0 | 24 (5)
26 (5) 29 (6) | ||||||||
| AITC | 13 | |||||||||||||||
| CPI(M) | 1 | |||||||||||||||
| Presidential nominees | 10 | BJP | 5 | NOM | 5 | 2 | 24(4)
26(1) 28(5) | |||||||||
| Total | 245 | BJP | 95 | 116 | 92 | 6 | 24 (69)
25 (08) 26 (73) 27 (04) 28 (75) 29 (10) | |||||||||
| 33 | ||||||||||||||||
| 116 | 92 | 33 | 6 | |||||||||||||
Officers
Leader of the House
Apart from the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman, the Leader of the House is an important Parliamentary functionary who plays a key role in the efficient and smooth conduct of the business in the House. The Leader of the House in Rajya Sabha is normally the Prime Minister, if he/she is its member, or a Minister who is a member of the House and is nominated by the Prime Minister to function as the Leader of the House.
The primary responsibility of the Leader of the House is to maintain coordination amongst all sections of the House for a harmonious and meaningful debate. For this purpose, he remains in close contact not only with the Government but also with the Opposition, individual ministers, and the Presiding Officer. He occupies the first seat (first row) in the Chamber on the right side of the Chair so that he is easily available to the Presiding Officer for consultation.
As per the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Council of States, the Chairman consults the Leader of the House with regard to the arrangement of Government business in the House, allotment of days or allocation of time for discussion on the President’s Address, discussion on Private Members’ business on any day other than Friday, discussion on No Day-Yet-Named Motions, Short Duration Discussions, and consideration and return of a Money Bill. He is also consulted by the Chairman in matters of adjournment or otherwise of the House for the day in case of the death of an outstanding personality, national leader, or international dignitary.
In the era of coalition governments, the task of the Leader of the House has become more challenging. He ensures that all possible and reasonable facilities are made available to the House for a meaningful discussion on any matter brought before it. He works as the spokesperson of the House in expressing the sense of the House and represents it on ceremonial or formal occasions.
Leader of the Opposition
The office of the Leader of the Opposition in a legislature is of immense public importance. Its significance emanates from the central role accorded to the Opposition in a parliamentary democracy. The role of the Leader of the Opposition is very challenging, as he has to ensure the accountability of the government to the legislature and to the public, and present alternatives to government proposals and policies. He must be a highly skilled parliamentarian to fulfill this special responsibility to Parliament and to the nation.
There was no Leader of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha in the true sense of the term until the year 1969. Until then, the practice was to refer to the Leader of the party in Opposition with the largest number of members as the Leader of the Opposition, without according him any formal recognition, status, or privilege. The office of the Leader of the Opposition was officially recognized through the Salary and Allowances of Leaders of the Opposition in Parliament Act, 1977.
According to the said Act, the Leader of the Opposition must satisfy three conditions:
- He should be a member of the House.
- He should be the Leader in Rajya Sabha of the party in opposition to the Government having the greatest numerical strength.
- He should be recognized as such by the Chairman, Rajya Sabha.
Secretariat
The Secretariat of the Rajya Sabha was set up under the provisions contained in Article 98 of the Constitution. The said Article, which provides for a separate secretarial staff for each house of Parliament, reads as follows:- 98. Secretariat of Parliament – Each House of Parliament shall have a separate secretarial staff: Provided that nothing in this clause shall be construed as preventing the creation of posts common to both Houses of Parliament. (2) Parliament may by law regulate the recruitment and the conditions of service of persons appointed to the secretarial staff of either House of Parliament.[17]
The Rajya Sabha Secretariat functions under the overall guidance and control of the chairman. The main activities of the Secretariat inter alia include the following:
(i) providing secretarial assistance and support to the effective functioning of the Council of States (Rajya Sabha); (ii) providing amenities as admissible to Members of Rajya Sabha; (iii) servicing the various Parliamentary Committees; (iv) preparing research and reference material and bringing out various publications; (v) recruitment of manpower in the Sabha Secretariat and attending to personnel matters; and (vi) preparing and publishing a record of the day-to-day proceedings of the Rajya Sabha and bringing out such other publications, as may be required concerning the functioning of the Rajya Sabha and its Committees.[17]
In the discharge of their constitutional and statutory responsibilities, the chairman of the Rajya Sabha is assisted by the secretary-general, who holds the rank equivalent to the cabinet secretary to the government of India. The secretary-general, in turn, is assisted by senior functionaries at the level of secretary, additional secretary, joint secretary and other officers and staff of the secretariat. The present secretary-general is Pramod Chandra Mody.[18][19] In the winter 2019 session, uniforms of Rajya Sabha marshals were restyled from traditional Indian attire comprising turbans to dark navy blue and olive green military-style outfits with caps.[20][21]
Media
Sansad TV (STV) is a 24-hour parliamentary television channel owned and operated jointly by both houses of Indian Parliament. The channel aims to provide in-depth coverage and analysis of parliamentary affairs, especially its functioning and policy development. During sessions, Sansad TV provides live coverage and presents an analysis of the proceedings of the house as well as other day-to-day parliamentary events and developments.
Earlier both houses of parliament had their own channels named Rajya Sabha TV and Lok Sabha TV Respectively.[22]
See also
- Lok Sabha
- List of current members of the Rajya Sabha
- State legislative councils of India
- Secretary General of the Rajya Sabha
References
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- ^ Sinha, Yashita (26 March 2023). "What is the eligibility criteria for an MP?- Know about their responsibilities and disqualification grounds". Jagran Josh. Jagran Prakashan. Archived from the original on 27 November 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
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- ^ Khan, Khadija (4 August 2023). "Money Bills vs Finance Bills: What are the differences, what the court has ruled". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 27 November 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
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- ^ "Frequently asked questions about Rajya Sabha". Indian Parliament. Archived from the original on 11 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ a b c "Composition of Rajya Sabha – Rajya Sabha At Work" (PDF). rajyasabha.nic.in. Rajya Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
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- ^ a b "Secretariat Introduction" (PDF). Digital Sansad. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
- ^ "Secretary-General, Rajya Sabha". Archived from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2018.
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- ^ Harwant Singh (retd), Lt Gen. "Curb rampant copying of military uniform". The Tribune. Archived from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
- ^ Service, Tribune News. "Naidu orders review of new military-style uniform of marshals". The Tribune. Archived from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
- ^ "About Rajya Sabha TV". Rajya Sabha. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
Further reading
- The Nominated Members of India's Council of States: A Study of Role-Definition J. H. Proctor, Legislative Studies Quarterly, Vol. 10, No. 1, Feb 1985, pp. 53–70.
- Alistair, McMillan. "Constitution 91st Amendment Bill: A Constitutional Fraud?". nuff.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
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